Важнейшую роль в формировании вкуса стейка играет рацион быка. В зависимости от типа корма мясо может получится более жирным и мраморным либо, напротив, жестковатым и диетическим. Наиболее распространенными видами откорма являются травяной и зерновой. Соответственно, в первом случае, скот находится в свободном выпасе и питается исключительно свежей травой. Второй же тип откорма предполагает стойловый метод содержания, когда в рацион быков входят, в основном, злаки. Ниже рассмотрим более подробно, как тот или иной вид откорма влияет на вкусовые качества мяса. Травяной откорм.
При данном методе откорма в рационе быков находится пастбищная трава. Это означает, что для достижения качественного содержания животный необходим баланс внешних условий, температуры, климата, количества и сочности травы . Говядина травяного откорма отличается хорошо сбалансированным составом: в ней высоко содержание витаминов А и Е и ненасыщенных жирных кислот. Выпас на травяных лугах влияет также на ароматность мяса.
Кроме того, такому мясу присущ более насыщенный «говяжий» вкус. В условиях пастбищного содержания животным приходится много двигаться и наращивать мышечную, а не жировую массу, в результате чего мясо становится более жестким и менее сочным. Слабое образование внутримышечного жира делает говядину травяного откорма постным продуктом. У такого мяса практически отсутствуют жировые прослойки, что влияет на его категорию качества, центр сертификации поможет определить это.
Зерновой откорм Рацион при зерновом откорме состоит из высокоэнергетических зерновых культур — ячменя, пшеницы, люцерны, кукурузы, богатых белками, углеводами и протеинами.
В результате такого откорма в мясе появляются вкрапления внутреннего жира, которые увеличивают его размер, делают мягче.
Насыщенные кислоты, содержащиеся в зерне, делают осветляют мясо и придают жиру белый цвет. Рисунком на срезе такое мясо похоже на мрамор, откуда и пошло название «мраморная говядина». Настоящая мраморность мяса может быть достигнута исключительно на зерновом откорме. Жировые прослойки придают мясу сочность, нежность и дают ощущение таяния во рту. Степень мраморности говядины напрямую зависит от длительности зернового кормления — чем дольше зерновой откорм, тем мраморнее мясо. Максимальная мраморность мяса проявляется в стейках Рибай, Стриплойн, Тендерлойн.
Для зернового откорма используют в основном быков породы Герефорд и Блэк Ангус, для которых характерен активный рост и набор веса.
Родоначальницей технологии зернового откорма является Япония. Здесь же выращивают премиальную породу быков Блэк Вагю, и производят наиболее дорогостоящий вид мраморной говядины — Коби.
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